Compare and Contrast Literary Text and Non-Literary Text Essay Example

Look into Literary Text and Non Look into Literary Text and Non-Literary Text Paper Look into Literary Text and Non-Literary Text Paper Nons of non-abstract writings are close to home journals, current undertakings news, diaries, course readings and articles. Non-artistic creation is composed equitably. Conversely, abstract writings are anecdotal organizations dependent on the artist’s will and minds and are in this way emotional. Verse, books, short stories and shows are written with a certain goal in mind, and this is alluded to as scholarly content. In abstract writings, writers innovatively make sentiments and thoughts to engage their crowds. Instances of abstract writings are sonnets, short stories and dramatizations. They have been portrayed as â€Å"the best words in the best order†. The utilization of sound of words make sonnets sound like tunes when perused out loud. Sonnets have a specific appearance that shows they are sonnets before perusing the words. Sonnets have shorter lines than most sorts of compositions. Language highlights allude to the sound of the language in writing, the utilization of explicit jargon to depict and explain the writing or anything utilized in narrating to draw the reader’s consideration. Language highlights are the manners by which spoken, composed and visual writings are formed by close to home, authentic, social, social and work environment settings. Language highlights can be everything that the craftsman essayist utilizes with specific aesthetic aims that is utilized in writing and narrating. Language highlights of sonnets are work of art that communicates thoughts through language, which can be perceived, distinguished, deciphered and examined. Scholarly language highlights are the methods writers use to make significance through language, and that perusers use to comprehend and value their works. The language highlights utilized in abstract composition are composed intentionally in an increasingly adapted way to stream or sing without really being verse. In contrasting the language highlights of the sonnet with the paper article, the sonnet utilizes artistic gadgets which have various implications and that permit the peruser to decipher. This is on the grounds that sonnets have a standard musicality and rehashed lines, words or sounds. Be that as it may, the writer of the news paper article utilizes words for simple translation and comprehension, on the grounds that the messages he is passing on to his perusers are realities with figures. No-abstract writings are unequivocal in nature, in that they are composed to instruct and advise his perusers utilizing persuading and additionally powerful language. In the article, for instance, the author’s steady employments of question marks welcome the readers’ contribution. The writer of the news paper article is an outsider; this is on the grounds that he is detailing somebody’s research work to his perusers. Though Duff, the creator of the sonnet utilizes first close to home pronoun in each sentence to show that it is her own bit of inventive work. In separate of the language highlights utilized in the two messages, the writers conveyed their messages to their particular perusers. A sonnet and an article show likenesses in language highlights utilized in their development. They are additionally composed sythesis to draw in perusers. Both sonnet and article utilize language highlights to cause their perusers to get them and value their work. In any case, the sound of the word or language utilized in building a sonnet to grant the reader’s mind makes a sonnet not quite the same as an article. The utilization of similitudes, similar sounding word usages to portray objects make sonnets passionate, imaginative and engaging likewise separate a sonnet from an article. Article then again, clarify, exact and straight forward sentences to put their messages across . Articles are not quite the same as sonnets in that, articles can have however many authors as could be allowed when individuals, through replies, either contribute helpfully or reprimand crafted by the first essayist, though, just a single author is perceived in verse. Most importantly, verse includes parts of language that intrigue to, and impart by sound and sight. In artistic content the significance is connected to the reason, and it implies that the character in the sonnet is tired of fatigue, dejection and social segregation. Conversely, the importance which is connected to the motivation behind the article in the paper has to do with the flood of blade wrongdoing among the young in United Kingdom. Articles and sonnets consistently have implications for their perusers. A sonnet and an article share similitudes with regards to the decision, utilization of supply of words in a language and request of words in a sentence. Creators and additionally storytellers settle on right selection of words from in a language and mastermind them appropriately in sentences to communicate unmistakably the expected significance. Writers’ point is to get the readers’ consideration, so punctuation and lexis are way of talking when utilized appropriately in writing. Be that as it may, Poetry is frequently a liquid and individual energy without the fundamental need to cling to certain sentence structure rules or refrain styles. The structure, as found in the article is progressively articulated in that; a decent title is made, a presentation that sketched out the fundamental highlights of the subject and portrayed how the subject is about was clarified in a reasonable manner. It had an end. Notwithstanding, the sonnet has no start, center and completion. Verse contrasts in visual structure from articles. It has been seen that the utilization of composition in article varies in verse ( Reckin, 2008). Verse generally shows up as a grouping of lines orchestrated in refrains instead of a succession of sentences inside sections. The article, as saw in the paper has helpful sub-headings that gave point by point data about various parts of the blade wrongdoing. The crowds for the two written works are not the equivalent. Articles focus on the overall population as their crowd, in light of the fact that their distributions show up in papers and magazines, while sonnets request to intrigued perusers (Zacharakis et al, 2011). The sonnet recounted to a story, portrayed an article and circumstance, portrayed an occasion lastly communicates emotions. Whatever the substance of the comments and a definitive message, verse is described by etymological components that go past standard sentence structure. An artist can talk straightforwardly to a crowd of people, much as a storyteller in stories. Verse is the most close to home and roundabout type of anecdotal articulation. The following phase of the task will be to sum up the primary basic highlights of a sonnet. Sonnets, similar to articles have structures. Structure of a writing alludes to how composed articulation is set out on the page. Verse is limited articulation of the composed word and the employments of structures give the apparatuses of verse composing. Verse structures have an assortment of rhyming examples, language and symbolism. Sonnets have diverse basic highlights (shape) which can be utilized to characterize sonnets. These highlights are straightforward and simple to recognize, for instance, the lines of sonnets are frequently a lot shorter than those of exposition. Writers use writing procedures, for example, illustrations and analogies to make verse increasingly distinct and intriguing and are regularly utilized in different types of works, for example, articles. Embodiment is additionally artistic strategy utilized in verse to give human sentiments and activities to articles or thoughts. Similar sounding word usage, where dull consonant sounds toward the start of the words and reiteration of word or an expression is rehashed and again in such a manner to causes the perusers to notice it. The utilization of every one of these procedures make verse increasingly inventive, symbolism and passionate to pass on thoughts and significance ( Lowe, 2011). Non-scholarly messages have gone under analysis, due to right off the bat, the evolving society. An adjustment in the public eye will request an adjustment in at least one methods typically utilized in non-abstract writings in the event that they are to win the audiences’ consideration. Besides, non-scholarly messages utilize extra etymological styles, for example, rhymes, mood like sonnets or oral written works, therefore making non-artistic writings conflicting. At long last, the capacity to describe one’s individual experience includes a lot of authority, innovative gifts and etymological aptitudes that can be found in oral or sonnets. We ought not dismiss the way that a sonnet doesn't influence its peruser in a remarkable same manner that a work of exposition does. All in all, this task has portrayed the language includes normally utilized in artistic and non-scholarly messages and fundamentally examined their viability. It has additionally applied suitable semantic and auxiliary gadgets from assortment of unique literary works in my own exploratory writing. A synopsis of the principle basic highlights of abstract and non-artistic messages and how they have been utilized in making importance and temperament have been given. This task has additionally dissected the manners in which creators use writing methods to make significance and thoughts, and broke down a contention and suggestion and irregularities of non-artistic writings. References Bandle, O. (2002) The Nordic Language: an International handbook of history, Volume 1, Berlin: Die Deutsche Bibliothek. Collins English Dictionary (2009) Collins Dictionary: 175 years of word reference Publishing, Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers. Catherine, R. (2006) E. E Cuming, New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. Little Oxford English Dictionary (2008), Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lowe, I. (2011) A voice of Reason: Reflections on Australia, China: Palgrave Macmillan. Reckin, A. A. (2008) Poem as scene, space, place and the visual, New York: UMI Microform Publishers. Zacharakis, A. Spinelli, S. Timmons, J. (2011) Business Plans that works: A guide for private companies New York: Mc Graw Hill Publishers.

Asses the View That Childhood Is Not a Fixed Universal Experience Essay

Asses the view that adolescence is certifiably not a fixed all inclusive experience- Sociologists accept that adolescence is certainly not a fixed all inclusive experience, this is called social develop, implying that the thought regarding youth is changed by time, place, sexual orientation, ethnicity and social class. The meaning of youth is a state or time of being a kid. Numerous kids in today’s society don't encounter this and in the past as well. Aries (1960) recommended that today youth is just an ongoing social development. Youngsters in pre-modern culture were small scale grown-ups who worked and played equivalent to grown-ups. Youngsters were viewed as monetary resources. Aires contended that in the medieval times adolescence didn't exist. After industrialisation average workers youngsters were much of the time discovered working in mines, manufacturing plants and factories. Be that as it may, as indicated by Aires, working class began to change around this time. There was an expansion in conjugal and parental love in white collar class families as th e baby death rate diminished and families had less kids. This at that point drove into the early mechanical occasions, with the modern insurgency the situation of youngsters had changed, yet this wasn’t any better. Kids were as yet made to work, yet now not in fields however in production lines, coalmines and up smokestacks. There were no laws to shield the youngsters from this, as the kids apparently was getting the genuinely necessary pay to the family unit. Bit by bit laws came into spot to secure the kids; this at that point prompted the kid focused society. Aries guaranteed that youth started from the mid thirteenth century as charge paying schools were available to give the high society training. The congregation additionally started to isolate kids from grown-ups as saying that they are delicate animals of god and should have been rebuffed contrastingly Social perspectives began to change towards youngsters in the nineteenth century. Kids were barred from manufacturing plants and mines as it was extremely risky to work in the conditions there. Some common laborers guardians nonetheless, opposed these moves as they were ones that relied upon their children’s wages to help and feed the family. Start of the twentieth century, a kid focused society developed and the way of life improved, for ex ample, flushing toilets and sanitation, newborn child death rate kept on declining. Because of this youngster focused society kids have gotten extravagant and this is the motivation behind why individuals are having less kids so they can put resources into adoration, socialization and security to theâ children they have. Mentalities of kids had begun to change when society gradually began turning out to be youngster focused, so children’s necessities of extraordinary consideration and assurance got going to, for example, the kid bolster act (1991). This law observed the manner in which guardians raised their youngsters. Adolescence as we probably am aware it today began to come to fruition during the 1950s onwards. Youngster focused implies that kids are currently cherished, esteemed and thought about appropriately. Youngsters currently need to go to standard school from the ages of 5 to 16. They have their own primary care physicians, educators and social specialists to think about them. Children’s books, magazines, TV projects and movies are made pa rticularly for them lastly have laws set up to secure them.

Origins and Traditions of Hanukkah

Origins and Traditions of Hanukkah Hanukkah: The Festival of Lights Home›Education Posts›Hanukkah: The Festival of Lights Education PostsOver 2,000 years ago, the Syrian King whose name was Antiochus ruled in the country known today as Israel. He intended to force all the Jewish people who lived there to worship the Greek gods. The Jews didn’t want to do this and rebelled under the leadership of Judah Maccabee and his brothers. Their rebellion lasted for 3 years, and eventually, the Jews managed to drive the Syrians away from the country.When the rebellion was ended, the Jews started eliminating all Greek symbols from the temple of Jerusalem. They finished doing this on the 25th day of the month of Kislev. Afterwards, they decided to put the eternal flame there. However, they had a very small amount of oil that was enough to last only for a day. But the Jews decided to light it anyway and, according to the legend, they were surprised to see that it lasted for eight days!As a commemoration of these events, peopl e celebrate Hanukkah today. The celebration lasts for eight days. People light candles on a menorah, also known as a Hanukiyah, which has nine spaces for candles. One of them is called Shamash. It is the first to be lit, and all other candles are lit from it. A next candle has to be lit on every night of celebration. Since the Jewish calendar is based on moon cycles, Hanukkah, as well as other Jewish holidays, falls onto different dates every year. Sometimes it begins on December 25, just like Christmas.If you usually don’t celebrate Hanukkah but are interested in taking part in this holiday to honor the Jewish culture, you can get involved in several ways, such as:1. If you have Jewish friends, ask whether you can celebrate with them. It will be a very interesting and engaging way to learn their cultural traditions. 2. Get a menorah in a ceramic store and light the candles on it in accordance with the tradition. 3. Cook a traditional meal for Hanukkah, which is latkes â€" potato pancakes served with applesauce and sour cream. 4. Use Hanukkah colors (white, silver and blue) to decorate your home.Try to celebrate Hanukkah this year to learn more about the Jewish culture and get the experience you’ve never had before.

Gensis and Sin Essay - 783 Words

The book of Genesis chapters one through eleven show us the absolute beginning of the natural world as we know it. In all his magnificent glory God created objects with sense awareness, self-awareness and finally man, which had God awareness. What God made was good; however, whenever there is good, the enemy seeks to destroy it. Here enters sin, â€Å"the corruption of the human race, and the long, difficult history of fallen humanity† (Hindson and Yates 2012:2) From the moment sin entered this equation we call existence, humans struggled to find their true identity with God. What was so clear in the Garden of Eden was now a jumbled mess of sin and mistakes. Even through disobedience, God loved us enough to offer a solution, a savior. In†¦show more content†¦Without God, how can the decision be correct? So many rush into relationships with someone God did not intend for them. This starts a so called avalanche into wrong decisions and wrong turns. This is not to say God cannot take something and use it for his glory. Ultimately, a godly relationship is the basis of a godly marriage and a godly marriage is the foundation of godly home. This lack of God in our homes has now leaked over into our society and our civilization. Simply put, God is love and where there is no God, there is no love. You cannot separate the two. What begins with a lack of God in our homes, eventually leads to the decreasing of God in our schools, workplaces, government and everyday lives. Jesus said, â€Å"the love of many will grow cold.† (Matthew 24:12 NKJV). In today’s civilization we are seeing a lack of love in everything just as Jesus said, which in turn means there is a lack of God. The teaching on this topic has affected my worldview in that, I now have a deeper burden to reach the lost than I did before and it’s my duty as a blood bought believer to reach the world. I found that God loves us through our sin and provides a way for our escape. However, although God loves us, there are still consequences for our sin. We see that man turned on God and he eventually brought the flood, but still did not forget about his people. Today, as we read about in the days of Noah, there is aShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of God s Love1405 Words   |  6 Pagestree of knowledge of good and evil. He told her it would make her wise like God, twisting God’s truth into lies. Yet the woman’s pride overcame and they both ate the fruit, disobeying God and breaking their relationship with Him. At that moment, sin entered the world and the hearts of mankind. The Lord was immediately separated from the ones He created to be with Him always, His perfect creation torn apart. (Genesis 3) But God, in His perfect love, set a plan into motion to save His people.Read MoreWhat Is The Measure Of One s Faith, Or Their Non Faith?2706 Words   |  11 Pagesnon-faith. What must one do to repent for sins, and can those sins ever be forgiven if they repent? These are all questions that are explored and , sometimes left unanswered in Confessions , a book by St. Augustine of Hippo. Standing at the forefront as one of the most important figures in the Ancient Western Church, Augustine was a man of impeccable religious stature, in his later years. In his youth, however, he was a vivacious sinner, a slave to the sin of lust and adultery. He stole pears, andRead MoreReligious Beliefs on the Power of Good and the Power of Evil1932 Words   |  8 Pages Christians also believe that the power of good is constantly in direct conflict with evil. An example is exorcism. Hell is the place of eternal punishment for the wicked after death, is presided by Satan. Those who commit crimes and sin are sent to this Hell (Matthew 25:41 - 46). Those who do good throughout their lives and spend their time caring for others are guaranteed a life in Heaven after Death. Some say evil is and suffering are a kind of test to help peopleRead MorePrometheus : Alien Religion.1902 Words   |  8 Pagesengineers. While watching this movie, one can notice many Judeo-Christian themes and references to Christianity’s Jesus Christ. Based on these references, the movie can be seen as an allegory/symbolic representation of Jesus Christ, the crucifixion and the sins of the world. This essay highlights religious references in this book and explains their symbolism. There are many similarities between the movie Prometheus and the life of Jesus. For example, the title of the movie, Prometheus, refers to a titan

An Actionable Tutorial on Year of Wonders Essay Topics in Simple Step by Step Order

An Actionable Tutorial on Year of Wonders Essay Topics in Simple Step by Step Order The Number One Question You Must Ask for Year of Wonders Essay Topics It's always there around you. All the prompts can readily be printed too. As you might have noticed, it's been largely content. Write about why you would like to do it and why you ought to be allowed to do it. It has made life easy, easy and quick. The fantastic thing about reading is that I don't actually have to learn things the difficult way. Think of something you aren't permitted to do but wish you could. Now, virtually every portion of the human body is able to be transplanted by surgery. Essay No. 02 Things I like to do During My Pastime I think that sports play a significant part in the bodily and mental development of someone and everyone should take part in sports to be able to be healthy and physically fit. Cycling can readily be linked to my personal attributes and it provides a soothing effect to my whole personality and my general outlook. Debate tips for kids can vary from extremely straightforward to some which can result in a terrific depth of thought never seen before. Cars and buses are extremely common. Kids are certain to come up with a few intriguing points on this. My goal has been to go to the awesome places that could be seen within the locations that should be excluded from both the national monuments together with the newly proposed national park. A hobby needs to be pursued according to someone's nature of work and aptitude. It truly is a superior pastime. Certain hobbies like photography are extremely expensive. Here's What I Know About Year of Wonders Essay Topics The chance of alternatives to homework would be a good way to select the debate ahead. That's the reason why it is also called pastime. Write about the something that annoys you about adults and why they ought to quit doing it. The issue with what matters is it changes all of the time, every single day, often several times daily. Later on, perhaps, scientists may be able to earn man live forever. The lifestyles of children and grownups come to a clash, developing a peak conflict point. Soon he is going to be visiting different planets too. It's because of this pollution that we're facing major problems like global warming and it has come to be a challenge for humanity. What Does Year of Wonders Essay Topics Mean? Science is an integral component of our day-to-day life. It has changed the face of the world. Agriculture Science has turned out to be a true friend for farmers. Communication Science has brought about an excellent shift in the means of communication. Reading requires some severe intellectual exercise. Reading example essays works the exact same way! Students often discover that nearly all of their work on those essays is done before they even begin writing. Write an essay discussing the importance of the title. Time management and scheduling is essential for students. Inventions within the field of technology have led to a growth in pollution. Drainage system was modernized. By the center of the story, several problems have surfaced that the community should take care of. In dairy company, kinds of machinery are helping to cultivate their enterprise. There was not any immediate sharing option and no actual time corrections. Just about all the issues can be solved with the assistance of contemporary gadgets. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Year of Wonders Essay Topics Write about the strangest thing you've ever witnessed in your whole life! You go on a visit to the moon. The photo below tells all of it. Write about your very best friend. Getting the Best Year of Wonders Essay Topics Nonetheless, the human psyche is not totally broken up into dark and light. Nonetheless, there are a lot of instances where characters act from a legitimate awareness of altruism and the need to keep order and human dignity. Other characters like Mem and Anys Gowdie, along with Elinor made a decision to use herbs to stop illness. However Aphra also has an important part in the climax of the plot. The novel demonstrates the way that it can be hard to keep faith in times of adversity. That's how you construct the relationship. The 30-Second Trick for Year of Wonders Essay Topics Periodic homework assignments and quizzes are a fantastic means to encourage students to remain in addition to their assigned reading. Tasks aren't consistently tailored to fulfill the demands and demands of the texts for students to reach independence with grade-level materials by the close of the school year. Google Docs supplies you with all you will need free of charge. Try out a few of these topics. Listening is a skill that very few men and women possess. Teachers can create a class with only a few clicks. Students ought to have a complete comprehension of the unit material as a way to answer these questions. Informational Writing Prompts to assist Students Learn About the World Around Us A journal isn't merely a safe location for a student to reflect on her or his ideas and feelingsit may also be a potent tool that permits the student to find out more about what's going on in the world around us.

Developing Ethical Leadership Free Essays

An ethical leadership means leading with the sense of valuing ethical values or considering the old fashioned ways, beliefs and other values that people considers as valuable. It is the leading with all the sense of altruism, kindness, integrity, loyalty, and trustworthiness which are possessed by a certain leader. In this characteristics and considerations to be considered, a question to the ethical means of leadership rises when we pertain to the historical holocaust. We will write a custom essay sample on Developing Ethical Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the Holocaust Museum located at Washington DC, a person who goes on visit inside the building will be able to be enlightened about the real meaning of the holocaust. Every image that certain people could see inside would make them feel the pain and the sufferings which the Nazi victims felt during the holocaust period. An example of an image which could lead a person back to the holocaust is the picture where the Americans felt the cruelness of the Nazi soldiers in some of the Nazi’s concentration camps or bases where Nazi soldiers tend to make their prisoners suffer. While inspecting further, a certain image will take the tourists’ attention wherein the image is a picture of a thin and almost dying man handing an aluminum bowl. This image conveys the period when the Nazi soldiers had their prisoners dying because of malnutrition, thus, it also conveyed the same period when the Nazi soldiers force their prisoners to do hard labors. Inside the museum can be seen a large map which shows how far and wide the conquering of the German leadership did during the holocaust period on the year 1941 until 1942. There’s also a part of the museum where all the countries involved during the world war is painted, in this hallway the painted parts were the glass windows. As the strolling inside the museum continues, there were a lot more figures and pictures which showed the cruelty of the Nazi soldiers led by the considered most cruel man on earth, Hitler. There’s a room inside the museum called â€Å"the tower of faces† wherein all the sides of the room are filled with hundreds of pictures posted. Those people’s pictures which are posted in the walls of the room are those who are involved in the holocaust, some are those who became a Nazi victim and some are those who contributed along the side of the Nazis. There’s another large image in the museum where one could see a group of people with the yellow star patch on their dresses just like on the movie â€Å"Schindler’s list† which is used by the Nazis to easily determine if such a person belonged to the Jewish people. In general, there are 900 artifacts displayed in the museum, 70 video monitors which shows all the cruelty of the Nazis towards the Jewish people, and in the second floor of the museum, a tourist could realize and notice how the non-Jewish people risk their lives by trying to save some of the Jews. For the last destination of the tour, tourists are allowed to watch a film entitled the Testimony wherein those who survived the tragic holocaust narrated their real life story. The film would last for 60 minutes then after that tourists are then led to a hall where they could light their candle for the holocaust victims (Times, 2008). All the artifacts and the videos which are exhibited at the museum showed how the sense of true leadership was ignored and were not present at the period of the holocaust. The cruelness of the Nazi depicted how heartless Hitler is as a leader. The moral responsibilities of the Germans were being taken for granted; a part of their ethical culture considers a mean kind of political values. Because of the continuous reigning of power and territory to the wealth of the Germans, they’ve build up a confidence wherein they exceeded to the extent that they thought they could rule everywhere and that they are the most superior people who exist (Jones, 1999). According to the understanding of ethical leadership, leadership should involve a not coerced relationship between the leader and his people or the people who are under the coverage of his power. In Hitler’s situation, he has violated such an important consideration regarding with how he should have governed his people. The holocaust created a devastating nature of leader-people relationship; lots of Jewish people were forced to work under the supervision of the Nazis and they are also forced to comply with whatever law the leader would implement (Price, 2006). The Jewish people should have been heard with their cries but instead they were oppressed and suppressed by the political system during the holocaust. Since good leadership means both technically and morally benefiting, it is clear that though Hitler technically made a great contribution to Germany, he created an opposite effect to the morality of his being a leader (Price, 2006). An evidence of this statement can be seen at the museum wherein lots of Jewish people are a group exposed without any clothing and are humiliated in front of those non-Jewish aristocrats or politically involved people. A morally and technically good leader aims for the betterment of his country as well as for his people. In this way, the justification of the leadership would be justified under ethically valid leadership but the whole success of Hitler by aiming power and territory altered the evaluation of his leading by simply killing most of the Jews (Price, 2006). Hitler never considered saving even a single child soul but instead he commanded that all Jews must be seized and killed just like Anne Franks who wrote her own diary about the whole holocaust. In the entire world’s history, Hitler made the worst kind of violation of ethical leadership wherein morality is considered as a single pin of needle between million strands of hair. In taking the great responsibility of being a leader, morality is easily recognized, thus, it is the reason why there is a study of ethics in order to justify the true essence of leadership. Adolf Hitler, as a leader, allowed exploitation such as rape and humiliation of Jews during his leadership, he used his position and power to gain the authority over other people and instead of using it in order to command people to widen or do something to develop their territory more, he used his authority to do what he wanted and that is to rule his coverage with an undefeated power wherein all people fear and almost worship him (Ciulla, 2003). The essence of leadership changed through the period of time, though however one may look and analyze the way that Hitler led his people, no one would say that he is a great leader. The positive side of his being a leader such as being a great conqueror who contributed more territories in the history of Germany is overlapped by all the negativities of his other deeds such as killing, exploiting, oppressive and suppressive leadership, and most of being a leader who acted as he does not have a heart at all. Whenever one would walk into the Holocaust Museum which has all the memories of the tragic holocaust inside, a certain person will fell the outburst of pain and sadness empathizing the victims of the holocaust. A horrifying movie which could be directly compared to the event during the holocaust is the Schindler’s list where all Jewish people were cruelly shot without any good reason, raped without the ability to refuse, exploited and humiliated, and forced to work without being provided enough amount of food to gain energy from (Spielberg, 1993). This experience of going to the Holocaust Museum made me realize that a good leader does not much contribute to his/her most way when he/she does not consider the goodness of his/her will towards his/her land and people. Thus, no matter how a leader conquers and rules the whole world under his authority, the true sense of leadership will still be judged on his moral or generally ethical deeds onward his ruling and loyalty to his obligation as a good leader. This reveals the fact that no matter how small or few a leader’s contribution is to his land, he will still be considered a good leader as long as he works for the betterment and sake of his land and people. References Ciulla, J. B. (2003). Ethics and Leadership Effectiveness [Electronic Version]. Retrieved January 13 from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/5284_Chapter_13_Antonakis.pdf. Jones, D. H. (1999). Moral Responsibility in the Holocaust: A Study in the Ethics of Character: Rowman Littlefield. Price, T. L. (2006). Understanding Ethical Failures in Leadership: Cambridge University Press. Spielberg, S. (Writer) (1993). Schindler’s List. In Universal (Producer). USA Times, N. Y. (2008). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum [Electronic Version]. Retrieved January 12 from http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/north-america/united-states/washington-dc/attraction-detail.html?vid=1154654609095. ; ; ; ; How to cite Developing Ethical Leadership, Essay examples

Technologies, E

Information Technology remains the key agent of change in the business world. IT has not only enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of businesses but has also led to the creation of new business models and forms. E-business has emerged due to the impacts of IT on the business sector.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technologies, E-business and Virtual Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The electronic economy has been marked by the emergence of pure virtual organizations and semi-virtual businesses. These organizations are growing at a faster rate compared to the brick and mortar companies in the physical world (Adams, 2003). This study highlights the importance of technology to the business world. The paper also gives attention to the importance of E-business and virtual organizations. Benefits of Information Technology Information Technology is the major tool that has transformed the business wor ld. IT has increased the efficiency and effectiveness of E-business. The technology enables business organizations to improve the accuracy of business operations. Operational errors are easily identified and controlled through effective utilization of IT-enabled devices. Business organizations use technology application tools of business management such as Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), and Supply Chain Management (SCM) to eliminate errors in operations and achieve efficiency. For instance, businesses can use ERP to ensure effective planning and allocation of resources (Collier Bienstock, 2006). The tool enables businesses to design effective strategies of resource allocation and control processes. ERP integrates all the operations of an organization through effective utilization of the available data. It can be used in project management to identify sources of deviations and ensure proper scheduling of project operations (Barua Konana, 2001). Enhanced communication is the other advantage of IT to the business world and especially in the field of E-business. Unlike brick and mortar companies that rely on paper for communication, virtual organizations utilize their virtual nature to enhance communication. In this case, the organizations can easily send and receive messages through internet-enabled devices. Elimination of paperwork in E-business also reduces the cost of operation and improves the performance. Information Technology has, therefore, reduced the cost of doing business for many organizations, which exist in the physical and virtual space (Barua Konana, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technology has also reduced the initial capital that is needed to start an online business. For example, starting a business in the virtual space only requires an entrepreneur to establish a reliable and eff ective website. The cost of establishing the website is a one-off investment that is not incurred on repetitive basis. The websites used in the E-business also enable investors to reduce the cost of product promotion (Bapna Gupta, 2005).  Time management is another beneficial aspect that is associated with technology in business. The entrepreneurs in E-business can easily sell their goods and services without travelling to the physical market place. The same case applies to the consumers who are able to access different varieties of goods and services at their own convenience. The customers who use online business services are able to choose different goods from different vendors. They determine the prices of the various goods and services through their purchasing power and the supply patterns in the market (Adams, 2003). General Environment of E-Commerce Online transactions are the major components of E-commerce. However, the transactions may take place in different environments . These environments determine the type of organizations in E-commerce (Collier Bienstock, 2006). Pure virtual environment is the most common type in E-Commerce. In such environments, the organizations assume virtual existence in the online world. The organizations in the pure virtual environment rely on internet connection to provide goods and services to their customers. Such businesses offer product catalogues at their websites for the customers. Their operation systems are automated by software, which offers direct services and assistance to the clients. Organizations that specialize in data management are some of the businesses that operate in the pure virtual environment. Other organizations include the Wedding Channel, Amazon, online advertising companies, and Ensemble. Organizations that exist in the virtual environment enjoy a low cost of operation and a reduced initial investment. For example, such organizations do not have to spend a lot of funds in building physical off ices, buying machines and equipment, and incur maintenance cost. Virtual organizations also spend less money in advertising and product promotion.  Apart from the pure virtual organizations, click-and-mortar is another form of business environment in E-commerce. An organization that exists in a click-and-mortar form has some aspects of virtual and physical existence. Such businesses may exist in the physical world and also in the online platform.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technologies, E-business and Virtual Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The businesses can attract customers from both environments. The organizations give their customers the opportunity to choose the most reliable and efficient transaction. The customers can either transact online or go to the physical offices of the company. A good example of a click-and-mortar organization is the online banking method that has been adopt ed by most banks around the world. In the contemporary society, customers have the opportunity to bank online or visit the physical location of their banks (Adjei Noble, 2012).  Another business environment in E-commerce is brick and mortar. The organizations in this type of environment rely on physical existence to conduct their transactions. The businesses conduct most of their transactions offline. However, they rely on online transactions to attract more customers to their website and increase their sales. The businesses may also conduct online transactions when they purchase their raw materials from suppliers located in other countries. Unlike completely virtual organizations that mainly focus on digital products, brick-and-mortar organizations offer both physical and digital products. The organization may outsource the services of a virtual organization when selling their products in the online world. A good example of businesses that operate in the brick-and-mortar environ ment includes hotels and restaurants in the physical world. Most hotels and restaurants rely on online marketing to attract to their products. The online booking services offered by air flight companies are also a good example of a brick-and-mortar environment. In such cases, the customers buy the tickets online while the actual services are offered in the physical environment. Brick-and-mortar companies depend on their physical existence to offer customers services and increase customer satisfaction (OMB, 2008). E-Commerce Classification Based on the aforementioned E-commerce environments, it is, therefore, essential to classify the different categories involved. E-commerce is classified according to the nature of the parties involved. For example, in B2B classification the business transactions, in this case, involve businesses. Businesses are able to trade in the online world to get the right goods and services from different sources. One organization may act as a supplier of par ticular goods and services while the other receives the goods. For example, a private company in the online world may supply data management services to a government entity such as the ministry of registration. B2B classification involves the transaction of high volumes and value that take place mainly between two organizations (Barua Konana, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In B2C classification, the business sells the goods to the consumers. This is the most common classification in E-commerce since most business organizations involve businesses and consumers. For example, when Amazon sells its books to the individual consumers such as students, the nature of the business involved in this case is B2C. The business targets its products to the direct consumers of the product (Anthony Grabski, 2006). C2B classification takes place when an individual consumer sells goods or services to a business. In this case, the business acts as the consumer of the products. For example, when a customer sells used books to Amazon, the nature of the business is C2B. The transaction mainly takes place when the company involved is interested in recycling the old products (Adams, 2003). C2C approach is another classification that is used in E-commerce. The transactions involve two different customers. Individual customers may exchange goods or services for reducing the co st of buying the goods from the organizations. C2C classification mainly takes place where consumers would like to exchange different goods or services. For example, students in different locations may exchange books or electronic materials (Adjei Noble, 2012). Financial Infrastructure for Development E-business development requires a well organized and comprehensive financial infrastructure. The development of the infrastructure must be based on the various activities involved in the operation of E-business. The most important aspect in the development of E-business is the establishment of a reliable website. The supplier building the E-business website should provide accurate invoicing for the various equipment involved. The other important element is the payment system which enables the customers to pay for their services immediately after buying the purchase. A good payment system should facilitate sharing of information between the various departments of the organization. For instance, the production department should be able to share the information with sales section. The two departments determine product pricing and the profits of an organization (Anthony Grabski, 2006).  Service architecture also determines the financial infrastructure in E-business development. Ability to access the services offered by an organization with regards to the location and the people involved determines the financial implications involved when selling the products. Another element that determines the service architecture is the range of services offered. In this case, elements such as interaction, integration, product features, and functionality greatly determine the financial requirements when developing the products. Reliable service architecture in E-business should enable the customers to perform multiple transactions at low cost. Integration of various systems in an organization also determines the financial infrastructure in E-business development. Integration of the service architecture with information system may require an organization to spend a lot of funds in developing the reliable programs and software for automated transactions. A good example is the integration of the ordering system with the distribution mechanisms, which employ the requirements of the information system and the service architecture. The requirements may also be extended to include vital operations such as security issues and cost control measures (OMB, 2008). In other situations, operations such as hardware installation, training services, marketing initiatives, and customer relationship management may be not included when determining the initial investment in E-business. These operations tend to change with the existing business conditions and customer requirements. However, wages to be paid to the employees should be determined during the initial stages. The number of employees should be determined during E-business development stage. In addition, tax requirem ents or other funds that have legal obligations should also be determined during the initial stages (Bapna Gupta, 2005). Technology Based on the infrastructural requirements in E-business development, different technological tools are important for the existence of E-business. Technology determines the various frameworks used in E-business environments. For example, the network computing system has enabled organizations and consumers to conduct their transactions in various ways (Bapna Gupta, 2005). E-business framework may involve individuals within a common network in an organization. For instance, intranet connection may be used in an organization to facilitate the transactions between individuals in the entity. Individuals may also use peer-peer network connection to conduct business transactions. E-business framework may also exist in the form of extranet network system. Extranet networks enable individuals in the intranet system to conduct transactions with others in the ext ernal network. The ultimate framework used in E-business transactions is the internet. This form of network connects various individuals and organizations in various networks from peer-peer network, intranet, and extranet (OMB, 2008). Information technology is the key building block of E-business. IT integrates the technical requirements of technology with the goals and information needs of E-business. The technology facilitates interaction between the restructuring and design requirements with data architecture, organizational structure, and information architecture. The concept of utility computing is another technology that is important in the development of E-business. The technology is important to facilitate sharing of resources in a computer network. Utility computing has various tools that are important for the operations of E-business transactions (Adjei Noble, 2012). Such tools include virtualization tools and policy-based resource management devices. The virtual tools fa cilitate storage and retrieval of data. The tools also facilitate uninterrupted flow of information within the computer network. On the other hand, policy-based resource management devices enable the customers to post queries on different products and services that are offered by an organization. Such tools are also used to ensure that product catalogues and product carts are used in the online business. Service provider applications are also important kinds of technology used in E-business. The applications facilitate the interaction between the customers and the organization (Bapna Gupta, 2005). Major Issues in E-Business and Virtual Organizations E-business and virtual organizations are affected by myriad range of issues. Security factors top the list of issues that affect E-business. Security issues that are associated with theft of customer’s information and use of unreliable payment systems greatly affect the efficiency of E-business. Customers and organizations have l ost a lot of funds and confidential information due to theft and fraud (Bahmanziari, Odom Ugrin, 2009). Apart from security issues, legal factors also affect the efficiency and effectiveness of E-business and virtual organizations. Legal requirements have been set governments and trade entities to regulate online transactions. Despite the fact that such regulations implemented to improve efficiency in the E-business sector, they have serious financial implications that are very expensive for a small business in the online world. The regulations tend to reduce the rate of growth in the sector (Adjei Noble, 2012).  Issues of trust also dominate the list of factors that affect E-business. Most customers rely on E-business to achieve convenience. However, the level of trust is very low. Customers tend to believe that online organizations are fraudsters or scams that are formed to steal from innocent people. The level of trust in E-business has reduced due to rampant cases of compute r crime and internet theft (Anthony Grabski, 2006).  System implementation and integration are the technical issues that affect the performance of virtual organizations and efficiency of E-business. Issues such as system architecture, information flow, and other technical requirements affect the effectiveness of E-commerce. In some cases, a virtual organization may use incompatible software and computer programs, which may result in the opportunity for the customer to access the goods and services offered by the organization (Bahmanziari, Odom Ugrin, 2009). Evaluations Performance matrices should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of E-business. The business should be evaluated against important elements of cost, security, convenience, efficiency, trust, the range of goods and services, and technical requirements. With regards to convenience, E-business should be evaluated in terms of promptness and ability to supply various goods and services to meet the needs of the custome rs. E-business should also be evaluated against the security to ensure that businesses are operated in secure environments (OMB, 2008).  Evaluation of E-business in terms of efficiency should focus on the performance of various elements such as network connectivity, the speed of browsers used by the website, and organization of business processes. For example, the payment and the ordering systems should be efficient to enable the customers to access the products and pay for them in time. The product catalogues should provide for accurate description of the products. Moreover, the shopping carts should enable the customers to access the various options offered by an organization (Adjei Noble, 2012). Cost is another vital aspect that should be considered during the evaluation process. The main goal of E-business is ensure cost reduction. Cost elements in E-business such as cost of website maintenance, cost of product promotion, wages paid to the employees, and taxes should be contr olled to ensure effective performance of the system. Cost evaluation should be based on the ability of the E-business organization to control these elements. For example, the organization can operate in using cost-efficient website applications (Bahmanziari, Odom Ugrin, 2009).  Performance evaluation on the basis of security should be based on the ability of the organization to the network system used by a company. The ability of the network to prevent entry of intruders is very cardinal to ensure the performance of the website. The effectiveness of security control measures such as data encryption, security certificates, and firewalls forms the basis of the assessment (Collier Bienstock, 2006). Solution To achieve the aforementioned performance matrices, effective strategies should be established to improve the performance of E-business (Bahmanziari, Odom Ugrin, 2009). The stakeholders in the sector should consider the following recommendations. Adoption of reliable payment s ystems Conducting businesses in a secure environment by protecting computer networks Adoption of compatible software and computer programs for system integration Adherence to the legal regulations in the business environment Establishment of cost control measures Conclusions Information technology has played an immense role in transforming the business environment. Information technology has enabled many countries around the world to establish the online economic system where online trade activities contribute to the economic development of states. This study has brought into perspective the benefits of E-businesses. E-business enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of business activities. The method also reduces the cost of doing business. Moreover, it enables customers to access different varieties of goods. E-business is conducted in various environments such as pure virtual space, click and mortar, and brick and mortar environments. The classification of E-business is based on the category of participants. For instance, the transactions involve consumers and businesses that interact in different levels.  E-business development and financial management is also another aspect that has been highlighted in the study. Financial infrastructure should be in tandem with the technical requirements of E-business development. The funds used in the development should enable the business to attain service requirements, system architecture, and information systems. To understand these requirements, it is also important to highlight the technology involved in E-business. Computer networks and utility computing systems are very important in the performance of E-businesss. However, E-business is affected by various issues such as legal requirements, security issues, trust issues, performance, and cost factors. Therefore, to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of E-business, there is need to adopt effective strategies that can be used to manage the problems affecting the business. Such recommendations include the adoption of effective and secure computer networks, establishment of cost control strategies, and regular assessment of website performance. These recommendations will have an important role in transforming E-business and enhancing the development of electronic economy. References Adams, F. (2003). The E-business revolution the new economy: E-economics after the dot-com crash. New York: South-Western Educational Publishing. Adjei, M. Noble, S. (2012). Enhancing relationships with customers through online brand communities. MIT Sloan Management Review, 34(2), 22-24. Anthony, J. Grabski, S. (2006). Market reaction to e-commerce impairments evidenced by website outages authors’ response. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 7(2), 87-90. Bahmanziari, T., Odom, M. Ugrin, J. (2009). An experimental evaluation of the effects of internal and external e-Assurance on initial trust formation in B2C e- commerce. Intern ational Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 10(3),152- 170. Bapna, R. Gupta, A. (2005). Pricing and allocation for quality-differentiated online services. Management Science, 46(7), 1141-1150. Barua, A., Konana, A. (2001). Driving e-business excellence. MIT Sloan Management Review, 45(3), 36-44. Collier, J. E. Bienstock, C. (2006). How do customers judge quality in an e-tailor? MIT Sloan Management Review, 38(4), 35-40. OMB, A. (2008). U.S.2009 budget goes paperless. Information Management Journal, 42(3), 11-14 This essay on Technologies, E-business and Virtual Organizations was written and submitted by user Camdyn U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Medication in the History of Mental Disorder Essays

Medication in the History of Mental Disorder Essays Medication in the History of Mental Disorder Paper Medication in the History of Mental Disorder Paper Cornelius L. E. Katona, and David Taylor. Use of Drugs in Psychiatry: The Evidence from Psychopharmacology. 5th ed. London: RCPsych Publications, 2002. Diller, L. H. (2006). The Last Normal Child: Essays on the Intersection of Kids, Culture, and Psychiatric Drugs. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group. Shorter, Edward. A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, 1997. Sperry, Len, and Prosen, Harry. â€Å"Contemporary Ethical Dilemmas in Psychology: Cosmetic Psychopharmacology and Managed Care. † American Journal of Psychotherapy 52 (1998): 54-63. Thompson, Marie L. Mental Illness. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. Wright, Robert. â€Å"The Coverage of Happiness. † The New Republic (1994): 24-29.

Demonstrative Adjectives in Spanish

Demonstrative Adjectives in Spanish Demonstrative adjectives are those adjectives whose function is to point at something. In English, the singular demonstrative adjectives are this and that, while their  plurals are these and those, respectively. (Some grammarians refer to them as demonstrative determiners.) Key Takeaways: Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives The demonstrative adjectives or determiners of Spanish - este, ese, and aquel along with their plural and feminine forms - are used in much the same was as this, that, these, and those are used as adjectives or determiners in English.Both ese and aquel are rough equivalents of that. Aquel is used in referring to entities that are further away in time, distance, or emotional sentiment than entities that use ese.When demonstratives are used with items in a series, they typically are used for each item, unlike in English. Unlike English, Spanish has three sets of demonstrative adjectives, which vary by number and gender, so there are 12 in all: singular masculineeste (this)ese (that)aquel (that)plural masculineestos (these)esos (those)aquellos (those)singular feminineesta (this)esa (that)aquella (that)plural feminineestas (these)esas (those)aquellas (those) Note that the masculine singular forms dont end in -o. Where To Place Demonstrative Adjectives The demonstrative adjectives typically are placed before the nouns they modify. They must match the noun in both number and gender. A few examples: Me gusta este perro. (I like this dog.)Prefiero estas computadoras. (I prefer these computers.)Voy a comprar ese coche. (Im going to buy that car.)Me gustan aquellas casas. (I like those houses.) Ese or Aquel? Although ese and aquel and their related forms can be translated as that or those, there are distinctions in meaning. Ese and its related forms are more common, and youre generally safe to use them when in English youd use that or those. However, aquel and its related forms refer to something thats farther away in terms of distance, emotion, or time. Although ese and its forms can be used for an object near the speaker or listener, aquel cannot. The distinction, if not made clear by context, can be translated in various ways, as these examples indicate: Me gustan esos perros. (I like those dogs.)Me gustan aquellos perros. (I like those dogs over there.)No quiero esa casa. Quiero aquella casa. (I dont want that house. I want that house farther back.) ¿Recuerdas esos dà ­as? (Do you remember those days?) ¿Recuerdas aquellos dà ­as? (Do you remember those days long ago?) Items in a Series When two or more items are in a series, the demonstrative adjective must be used with each item. While in English we would say those dogs and cats, in Spanish we would say esos perros y esos gatos. Use of just one demonstrative adjective in this case, as in esos perros y gatos, would imply that were talking about animals that are a cross between a cat and a dog. Sample Sentences Using Demonstrative Adjectives Perseverancia: Pocos entienden el valor de esa palabra. (Perseverance: Few understand the value of that word.) Esta idea puede cambiar tu futuro. (This idea can change your future.) Siempre que veo la televisià ³n y veo a esos pobres nià ±os hambrientos en todo el mundo, no puedo evitar llorar. (Whenever I watch television and see those poor hungry children everywhere, I cant keep from crying.) Yo sabà ­a que era este mes pero no ese dà ­a. (I knew that it was this month but not that day.) Vuelvo a vivir aquellas experiencias que tuve hace muchos aà ±os. (Im going to relive those experiences I had many years ago.) Estas manos pueden construir una casa. (These hands can build a house.) Aquellos ojos azules irradiaban una luz que era casi tangible. (Those blue eyes radiated a light that was almost tangible.) Gracias por esa leccià ³n de vida. (Thank you for that lesson in life.) Esta persona no es mi amigo. (This person is not my friend.) Hay riesgos si abandonamos esas costumbres nuevas y olvida aquellas enseà ±anzas milenarias. (There are risks if we abandon those new customs and forget those traditional teachings.) Se llama radiogalaxia a aquella galaxia que irradia energà ­a con gran potencia en forma radioondas. (That galaxy that radiates powerful energy in the form of radio waves is called a radio galaxy.)   Aquel aà ±o descubrà ­ que mi à ºnico rival no era ms que mis propias debilidades. (That day I discovered that my only enemy wasnt anything more than my own weaknesses.)

Consumer protection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consumer protection - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, some of the ways whereby businesses affect society tend to be negative, leading to governments putting limitations to these activities by using the law; for instances, there are some business activities are harmful to the environment (Fernando 2011, p.10). Introduction Consumers tend to play an extremely critical role in business, in fact, it is impossible to undertake any business without the presence of consumers. Unfortunately, the majority of businesses do exploit their consumers by providing them with faulty products. Therefore, it is necessary to protect consumers. The excellent news is that, there are regulations passed by governments with the intention of protecting consumers from these unscrupulous traders. Therefore, this essay endeavors to examine how consumers get protected, while, at the same time, using DSGi as a case study so as to understand these regulations (Connor 2006, p.13). Businesses tend to interact with the ample society they happen to be a par t of; due to this, businesses get affected by society, for instance the society’s expectations on the types of goods, as well as services to be produced. On the other hand, businesses affect society by means of their activities; therefore, this ends up being a two-way process. ... tations; for instance, although it is legal to dismiss workers for some actions like being ignorant of a written warning, society might have the perception that the sacking is irrational, thereby leading to the business feeling pressured not to do it (Fernando 2011, p.15). In order to necessitate the interaction between businesses and the society, there is a need to adhere to ethical behavior. Ethics refers to the field of philosophy studying systems, standards, or values that differentiate between what is acceptable from unscrupulous or right from wrong. Business ethics has concentrates on exploring conduct, along with policies, while promoting proper conduct and policies in the framework of commercial enterprise, at the level of individual and organizational. Business ethics deals with all levels of business activity, comprising of the obligations, together with responsibilities of businesses unto the environment, customers, other businesses, employees, and national, as well as mul tinational governments. Apparently, businesses have in most cases been ethical to the point that their owners, as well as their managers, have had an interest in ethical behavior although sometimes remarkably little. However, presently, there is new, along with a strong interest from developing businesses within ethical behavior, particularly in large MNCs operating within distinctive societies with distinctive ethical standards. There are a number of businesses that go a step further in employing professional philosophers for helping them in understanding the ethical outcomes of their behavior. The primary reason for this happens to be the fact that the society at large gets extremely interested in ethical behavior while the society has immense expectations of businesses (Cartwright 2001,

Critique Paper - All Quiet on the Western Front Essay

Critique Paper - All Quiet on the Western Front - Essay Example Pauls’ suppression of emotions has made him into an emotional cripple who is unable to relate to his family and live a normal life outside the battlefield (Remarque). Being stuck in a shell hole with a man he stabbed forces Paul to consider the nature of war and how it makes strangers into enemies. The horrors of war take away his friends one by one and often in front of his own eyes. He is ruined by war and when he is given a short leave, he wonders how he will adjust to civilian life, Paul dies during an enemy attack and he doesn’t have to find out how his life would have been off the battlefield (Remarque). Paul is the novel’s main protagonist and his inner battle with his feelings and actions is what is intriguing about him. His personality and the way war forces Paul to behave are in stark contrast to each other. He was a sensitive young lad, full of idealism and life but war made him into a remorseless soldier who must remain emotionally numb in order to survive on the battlefield. Paul’s past and future are snatched away by war and he struggles to remember what his past was like and wonders what his future will be without war. But despite all this, he still has some humanity left in him and there are instances where he is overcome by grief. This struggle is representative of all those men who were enlisted to fight in the army at a very young age and Pauls’ story is similar to all those adolescents who lost their childhood, their friends, their family and even their lives on the battlefield. The trauma and hardship they suffer snatches away their innocence and Paul was long dead on the inside before the war actually killed him. Paul’s story revolves around the main theme of the novel which is about the horrors of war and its effect on the soldiers. War is often painted with glory and honor but this book sets out to debunk those notions and show war through the eyes of a soldier. It shows the butchery of

UK Guidelines for Eye Screening

UK Guidelines for Eye Screening DOES THE UK CURRENTLY SCREEN THE POPULATION FOR APPROPRIATE EYE CONDITIONS? WHAT IS SCREENING? Screening is a way of identifying those individuals who are at a higher risk of developing a certain health problem; this allows them to have appropriate early treatment and information in order to prevent further deterioration. There are many different screening programmes which are offered by the NHS, for example, Screening for newborn babies, Diabetic Eye screening, Cervical Screening, Bowel Cancer Screening etc. (Nhs.uk, 2017). The screening process uses tests which can be applied to a large number of people and is an initial examination which requires further investigation and follow up. There are many different types of screening, for example, Mass screening (e.g. chest x-rays for TB), Multiple screening (e.g. annual health check), Targeted screening for those at a higher risk of developing specific diseases e.g. battery workers would be at a greater risk of developing cancer or problems with their nervous system (Anon,2017) and lastly Opportunistic screening. Opportunistic scr eening relates to identifying those at a higher risk to see whether they actually have signs of a condition as we carry out the pre-screening process/sight test, for example, we tend to check the pressures and fields of the people (maybe should write of patients over..) over the age of 40 in order to check for any signs of glaucoma, however, this cannot be classified as screening as it is opportunistic (Anon, 2017). Within this essay I will mainly be discussing Diabetic Eye Screening and Amblyopia Screening, I will be analysing how well these relate and correspond to the criteria set by the WHO guidelines for screening, how the screening programmes could be improved and what screening programmes are out in the world which could benefit us if brought within the UK. A full discussion of the classifications of diabetes or amblyopia is beyond the scope of this essay. 10 CRITERIA 1968 WHO GUIDELINES FOR SCREENING There are 10 main criteria/principles that a screening programme should meet in order to be an effective, practical and appropriate way of screening within the UK. These were brought about in 1968 by Wilson and Jungner (WHO) (Patient.info, 2017). Further down in this essay how well Diabetic Eye Screening and Amblyopia screening match the 10 criteria will be discussed, table 1.1 summarises the findings and a potential condition that we could screen for in order to enhance appropriateness of screening for eye conditions within the UK (Gp-training.net, 2017): (TABLE 1.1) 1968 WHO GUIDELINES DIABETIC EYE SCREENING AMBLYOPIA SCREENING AMD 1. The condition being screened for should be an important health problem à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ ? à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 2. The natural history of the condition should be well understood. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 3. There should be a detectable early stage à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 4. Treatment at an early stage should be of more benefit than at a later stage. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 5. A suitable test should be advised for the early stage. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ » ? 6. The test should be acceptable. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ » à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ » 7. Intervals for repeating the test should be determined. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ ? 8. Adequate health service provision should be made for the extra clinical workload resulting from screening. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ ? 9. The risks, both physical and psychological, should be less than the benefits. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 10. The costs should be balanced against the benefits à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ » DIABETIC EYE SCREENING It is estimated that within the UK, 4.5 million people have diabetes and around 1.1 million people have yet to be diagnosed (Anon, 2017). It is essential that we screen individuals who have diabetes as the development of Diabetic Retinopathy is one of the major complications of diabetes and early diagnosis can lead to appropriate and effective treatment (Hamid et al, 2016). This Diabetic Eye Screening (DES) is separate from a sight test and is to be carried out annually. If a woman is pregnant she will be offered additional tests as the development of gestational diabetes is common i.e. diabetes which only occurs during pregnancy, however, if the mother already has diabetes she also has a higher risk of Diabetic Retinopathy development (Nhs.uk, 2017). 1.1 Attendance at Diabetic Screenings Forster et al. (2013), evaluated whether patients who did not attend their DES were at a greater risk of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR).   They carried out a longitudinal cohort study over 3 years (2008-2011) in which diabetic residents were invited for the screening. Forster et al found that 5.6% of the patients who did not attend in 1 year for their DES developed STDR. 2.6% patients who previously had no retinopathy at their first screen had developed STDR when they did not attend in 1 year and 5.7% of participants developed STDR when they did not attend for 2 consecutive years. With participants who previously had mild non-proliferative retinopathy at their first screen, 16.8% of these developed STDR when they did not attend for their DES in 1 year and 17% developed STDR when they did not attend for 2 years. (is this in your own words if not results should be quoted just to avoid plagerism)The results found for referable maculopathy also followed the same pat tern but the affected participants were smaller. This longitudinal study has its benefits as a large number of data can be collected however as it is over the period of 3 years, there is a risk of individuals dropping out of the study and therefore data for one year may not be comparable to the data from the next year as there would be subject differences. The findings of this study suggest that there is importance for DES and it can be deemed as an appropriate eye condition to be screened for within the UK as it does allow early detection of diabetic referable retinopathy and the greater the time between the DES the greater the risk of the development of STDR. However whether we need to screen individuals annually could be further discussed (Forster et al, 2013). 1.2 Improvements for DES Screenings To improve how we currently screen within the UK for appropriate eye conditions we could consider, increasing the time between the DES by making them biennial i.e. every 2 years. Forster et al found that participants had a 10.84 times higher chance of referable retinopathy if they had not attended their screening for 2 consecutive years, compared to those participants who were screened for every year.(I think should be kept in but change to own words if not already.) He found that for those patients who attended every 2 years had no significant increased risk of referable retinopathy compared to those who attended annually. A number of benefits can be seen from increasing the time between the screenings. Firstly this would mean that less DES would be carried out, this frees up time and space; in practices, this allows more time for regular sight tests and at the hospital, it allows more space for other important appointments. Reducing the number of DES also means that fewer professio nals would be required for these screenings; this would cut down the costs made by the NHS. Some could argue that this could lead to a cut down in the number of optometrists who specialise in the DES, however, this would allow the current professionals specialised in the DES or the ones that do carry out the training to become more skilled and have more focused knowledge on DES. Scanlon et al. (2013), found that those who were not screened promptly after being diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes had a raised rate of detection of referable diabetic retinopathy. The study didnt show whether those who were screened at a later date had a more severe form of diabetic retinopathy or whether it was anything to do with patient compliance but it did indicate that screening patients within the Quality standards set by NICE were more beneficial for the patients (Scanlon, Aldington, and Stratton, 2013). This supports that the UK does currently screen appropriately for eye conditions such as Diabetes and in a timely manner, as the earlier we screen a patient after being diagnosed with diabetes, the less of a chance for the development of severe/unnoticed diabetic retinopathy, as the development of DR is most prominent within the first two decades of developing the disease (Fong et al, 2017). In the UK, patients information once being diagnosed with diabetes is transferred via their GP to the Diabetic Eye Screening Services as soon as they are diagnosed, this allows appropriate treatment and screening for the patient immediately. We cannot solely rely on this study as it does not include any facts or figures regarding how raised the risk is for referable DR if a DES is not carried out every year. Therefore to improve screening within the UK; following Forster et al study, we could increase the time between the screenings i.e. make it biennial. The Health Improvement and Analytical Team of the Department of Health found that it would be more cost effective if the screening intervals were increased from one year to another when carrying out a cost-utility assessment for those who have low risk of development of Diabetic Retinopathy; these being defined as those who have been graded to have no background retinopathy in either eye, therefore one way of improving the screening in the UK could be by increasing the intervals between the DES (James, 2000). Currently, within the UK, Diabetic eye screening is offered to individuals who are 12 years and older. They are contacted by their local Diabetic Eye Screening service informing the patient as regards to what practices are available for them to attend for their screening i.e. a local opticians, hospital or clinic. Hamid et al. (2016) carried out a retrospective analysis of 143 patients aged between 7 and 12 in order to see whether DES should be carried out on children under the age 12. 73 of these patients were below the age of 12 and the other 70 were 12 years of age. He found that both these groups had a similar prevalence of background diabetic retinopathy (early stage of diabetic retinopathy) and none had STDR. From Hamid et al results, it can be seen that there would be no benefit to starting the DR at an earlier age as the same results are found in both groups, therefore supporting the current English protocol of starting DES at 12 years of age.   A DES test within the U K is fairly easy to carry out and requires the patient to be dilated; once the patient is dilated they are unable to drive for roughly 4-6hours in order for their pupils to return to normal.(this could be referenced from somewhere see if you can find from article or anything on how its done then reference that) This could be considered as some inconvenience to the patient as they may be required to take a day off work or prevent doing specific tasks that day however as the DES is carried out annually it is only a matter of a few hours, which could easily be rearranged or time off work can be taken. The risks of the drops are very low; a few symptoms could be experienced for example pain, discomfort, redness of the eye, blurry vision and haloes around lights which can lead to Angle Closure Glaucoma. ACG can be treated and the benefit of carrying out the DES is much greater and outweighs the risks. 1.3 DES Screening In India Currently, in India, in addition to the current Diabetic eye screening that is being carried out in practices, they are also going to be trialing (think it needs double ll m grammerly says youve spelt it the American way) Mobile DES services. This will benefit patients in several ways; firstly those who are not able to leave their homes are able to get screening and treatment readily. Furthermore, not all clinics have the appropriate equipment required in order to carry out DES, therefore, with the Mobile DES services patients are able to still get the adequate healthcare required. This is yet to be trailed therefore the success rates are unpredictable. If in the future, this helped patients get the adequate screening and healthcare required in India, then this could also be trialled within the UK in order for improving eye screening for appropriate conditions (Kalra et al, 2016). AMBLYOPIC SCREENING The common vision defects in children aged around 4-5years tend to include amblyopia, strabismus (squint) and refractive error (short or long sighted). (is this referenced from tailor et al like the next sentence, if not then needs a reference) An estimation of the prevalence of amblyopia in the UK varies between 2% and 5% (Tailor et al, 2016). Amblyopia is well understood and occurs when the nerve pathway from one eye to the brain does not develop adequately during childhood (Medlineplus.gov, 2017). Individuals are said to have an amblyopic eye when their vision is worse than 6/9 Snellen or 0.2 LogMar in the affected eye.(reference needed)   The UK National Screening Committee along with the recommendations from the Health for All Children agreed that orthoptic-led services should offer to screen for visual impairments for children aged 4-5 years (Legacyscreening.phe.org.uk, 2017). If the amblyopia is treated while the visual system is plastic i.e. still developing within the critical period (first seven to eight years of life), then this can be an effective way of restoring normal vision. Untreated amblyopia can have a negative impact on an individuals adult life; within the UK it was found that only 35% (36 out of 102) of people were able to continue their employment after losing the vision in their non-amblyopic eye (Rahi, 2002). 2.1 Testing The tests for amblyopia can include monocular visual acuity testing, plus or minus assessment of the extra-ocular muscles, colour vision testing, and binocular status (Stewart et al, 2007). The screening process can vary depending on the density of the amblyopia and age of the patient i.e. this would alter the treatment required. Patching seems to be the most common treatment for amblyopia and is seen to have improvements in vision if it is carried out adequately i.e. compliance is required. Stewart et al. (2007), researched the benefits of patching in which they found 40 children who were patched for 6 hours had an improvement in 0.21 to 0.31 log units of vision compared with another 40 children who were patched for 12 hours had a 0.24 log unit improvement. This supports the idea that patching can be carried out for fewer hours and still produce a similar enhancement in vision. However, when compliance was monitored there wasnt much of a difference between the hours, for the patient s prescribed 6 hours they tended to vary between 3.7 to 4.7 hours and the 12-hour patching children varied between 5.1 and 7.3 hours (Stewart et al, 2007). (maybe some more critical analysis of this study, I know youve got sample size and randomisation but if you can may add some more) These results suggest that Amblyopic patients can be patched for fewer hours and still have the same improvement in vision, however, compliance is necessary. Following on from this study when a randomised trial was carried out in order to see the effectiveness of Atropine and patching as a treatment of Amblyopia, it was found that visual acuity in the amblyopic eye improved for both, therefore supporting patching and atropine as adequate treatments for Amblyopia (Stewart et al, 2007). In this study equal, sample sizes were used and patients were allocated randomly, this allows the removal of subject bias and allows comparisons between the subjects and therefore more reliable results can be obtained. Furthermore, it was found that the younger the child, the less the occlusion in hours that would be required, therefore, the earlier we test the child for amblyopia the better the treatment (Stewart et al, 2007). 2.2 Problems with Patching Referring back to the 1968 guidelines in Table 1.1, patching may not be deemed as an acceptable form of treatment. When a randomised trial was carried out on 4 year old and 5 year old children it was found that they had experienced short term distress and were more upset when having to wear a patch alongside glasses than wearing glasses alone (Williams et al, 2006). Children also reported having been bullied whilst wearing a patch causing emotional problems which in turn led to long term adverse consequences. Williams et al. (2006) carried out a prospective study, in order to test their hypothesis by comparing children who had been screened preschool and required a patch and those who had not. 95% confidence limits were calculated and it was found that the risk of being bullied was the same for those who wore glasses and had been screened preschool and not. However, when comparing the preschool and school children and the rates of bullying whilst wearing the patch it was found that t here was almost a 50% reduction in the group of children who had been screened preschool (Williams et al, 2006). From these results, it can be concluded that pre-school vision screening would reduce down the bullying experienced by the children whilst wearing the patch therefore in order to improve screening within the UK we could potentially screen the children earlier to prevent the psychological stress that the child has to experience. During this study, the data was collected via an interview with the children. Childrens responses could vary depending on who was interviewing the child, the gender of the child (girls would be more(not would-they may be more likely to) likely to admit to being bullied) and other factors too(what other factors-either state them or leave it at the last point); therefore these results could not fully represent whether the child had experienced bullying and this factor should be taken into account when viewing the results. 2.3 Screening for Amblyopia within Japan Currently, outside of the UK, there are different screening processes which occur. The screening process for Amblyopia within Japan starts at the age of one and a half years old and then the children are later screened at 3 years of age by paediatricians. In The School Health Law based in Japan, the Visual Acuities of children ranging from 6 years old to 12 years old are taken by the school teachers then the children are screened by Ophthalmologists to screen for the eye diseases and amblyopia (Matsuo and Matsuo, 2005). Several studies over the years have been collected in order to compare the number of strabismus patients identified in different countries. Comparing these different studies it can be found that overall there were fewer children in Japan who developed strabismus, only 1.28% of the sample. Within the UK when a similar study was carried out it was found that 4.3% of the total number of children screened developed strabismus, this being much larger than those who develop ed it within Japan (Matsuo and Matsuo, 2005). This variation in results may suggest that the screening process in Japan is a lot more thorough compared to the UK and as children in Japan are screened for fairly early on in life, they are continuously kept an eye on, this could increase the detection of the early developments of Amblyopia and therefore appropriate treatment is also given fairly early on. (but is it screened more thoroughly in japan only because japanease children are more prone to amblyopia- is the prevalence of amblyopia higher in japan-if so then that might be why they screen earlier-find out) However, we cannot solely base the development of strabismus on the way we screen the children as there could be other factors as well. One way in which we could modify screening within the UK could be by screening children at an earlier age and more often as well; this would allow early detection of Amblyopia and therefore early appropriate treatment, reducing the number of strabismic individuals. Tailor et al. (2016) identified that a large area of controversy when discussing screening for Amblyopia is that it is currently not clear whether screening children earlier is associated with better outcomes and also whether it is more cost efficient or not, however it is widely agreed that starting screening for amblyopia at the age of 4 to 5 years old it seems to be clinically effective and also cost efficient at the moment therefore further research needs to be carried out in order to see whether we should move the screening for Amblyopia to an early stage or not (Tailor et al, 2016). IMPROVING SCREENING WITHIN THE UK AMD Within the UK to improve screening we could also screen for further conditions such as for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. AMD is an important health problem and accounts for 8.7% of all legal blindness worldwide. The development of Choroidal Neovascularisation (CNV) is the main cause of severe vision loss which leads to the development of Wet or Exudative form of AMD (Schwartz and Loewenstein, 2015). AMD development is pretty well understood by professionals and it can lead to changes in your central vision and also have an impact on the quality of an individuals life. Patients with AMD have reported more difficulties when performing tasks such as reading, leisure activities, shopping etc. (Hassell, 2006). There is currently no treatment for the dry form of AMD, whereas wet AMD is currently being treated using intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents which lead to an improvement in 30-40% patients visual acuity (Schwartz and Loewenstein , 2015). In Table 1.1 an extra column has been added in order to compare how well AMD screening would relate to the WHO criteria if it was to be screened for within the UK. 3.1 Techniques It has been found that the treatment of AMD at an earlier stage is of more benefit than at a later stage. Treatment of CNV within 1 month was found to have a greater gain in visual acuity than treatment which was given after this timeframe (Schwartz and Loewenstein, 2015). If AMD patients were left untreated for a year they would lose two or three lines of vision on average therefore the earlier the detection of AMD the more beneficial (Anon, 2017). The screening process could involve an Optical Coherence tomography (OCT) and a fluorescein angiography (FA) alongside clinical examinations, for example, Amsler charts, Nosefield Perimetry, Near Visual Acuity etc. In Table 1.2 these examination techniques have been presented in a table and the Pros and Cons of each technique can be seen. TABLE 1.2 (Schwartz and Loewenstein à ¯Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Int J Retin Vitr (2015) 1:20) 3.2 Screening Criteria If screening programs were to be carried out within the UK for AMD, we would need to consider a few factors. Firstly, at what age would we start to screen individuals for AMD and how often these screenings would take place would need to be considered(-dont need highlighted bit). AMD is most common in individuals who are over the age of 65, however, can be seen in some in their forties or fifties, not only is it affected by age but smoking, family history, UV exposure and diet can also be risk factors for the development of AMD (Rnib.org.uk, 2017). There could be a few different criteria in which individuals would qualify for the screening process of AMD, a few of these criteria could potentially be: Any individual over the age of 60 years old. Any individual over the age of 50 years old with a family history of AMD. Any individual who experiences one or more of the following symptoms: difficulty reading with spectacles, vision not as clear as previously or if experiencing straight lines becoming wavy or distorted (Rnib.org.uk, 2017). Once this screening process is carried out the recall period could vary depending on the patients health, family history, and lifestyle, this could vary from yearly up to a 5 year recall period for those that are normal; have no family history of AMD and good lifestyle. If an individual is diagnosed with Dry AMD then these screening processes would occur much more regularly in order to monitor the health of the eyes and to detect Wet AMD at an early stage. A benefit for the proposition of screening for AMD within the UK is that it would lead to more jobs and professionals to be specialised within AMD. 3.3 Time Efficient       There are a few flaws with screening for AMD. If OCT images were not clear enough patients may need to be dilated, this would mean that the patient would not be able to drive for approximately four to six hours, which could result in the patients having to take a morning/afternoon or a day off work.(maybe you can find a study where people are asked about what they dont like in dilation and it might be they dont like taking time off-then can reference that here) If all the above techniques mentioned in Table 1.2 were to be carried in the screening process for AMD, this in itself would be quite a lengthy process and would also require time to be taken off unless it was carried out on an individuals none working day. Screening for AMD would involve Fluorescein Angiography this may not be accepted by some patients as it is an invasive process and requires fluorescent dye to be injected into their bloodstream. Therefore suitable techniques would be required in which the patient would cons ent to if screening for AMD was to be carried out within the UK. Furthermore, currently within the UK, only half the adult population (48%) have heard of AMD therefore screening for AMD within the UK could be a challenge as public awareness of this disease is very limited therefore the public may be unable to recognize any symptoms or changes in their vision being related to AMD (VISION 2020, 2017). The development of CNV can be very rapid and therefore patients may remain asymptomatic or mechanisms within the brain could lead to overcome the noticeable change in their vision during the early stages of this disease, therefore, it would be difficult to screen the patient in their early stages of AMD (Rnib.org.uk, 2017). Further information should be given to individuals in which they are informed of what symptoms to look out for and also what to do in these instances. 3.4 Costs Practicality Currently within the UK if patients require a private OCT scan this can vary in price ranging from thirty-five pounds (C4 SightCare) to eighty-nine pounds (Leightons Opticians). Free OCT scans may be carried out in hospitals settings or learning institutes, for example, The University of Manchester (Gteye.net, 2017).   If we were to routinely carry out OCT scans for everyone as a technique during AMD screening then this can be very costly if funded by the NHS, in addition, if this was to be carried out privately then patients may not be willing to pay that much for the AMD screening process and therefore the success rates for screening for AMD within the UK would be less as patients wouldnt attend the screening. Furthermore, other techniques such as fluorescein angiography can be costly to be carried out for example if patients require this to be carried out privately they may end up paying up to  £103 (Anon, 2017). Another issue arising with the potential to screen for AMD would be regarding the practicality of the screening process; the equipment and machinery are fairly large and would require the practices to have adequate space in order to carry out these screenings. In addition, the equipment itself is very expensive and companies may not want to invest in such equipment if there turnover isnt worth it. In order to overcome this, we could potentially just carry out AMD screening within a hospital setting however it would still depend on the amount of space available to carry out these processes. Overall screening for AMD is quite a lengthy process and if it was to be carried out within the UK it would require a lot of work in order to make the screening process affordable and time efficient too. CONCLUSION Overall, within the UK we currently do screen for appropriate eye conditions these including Diabetic Eye Screening and Amblyopia. We could further increase this by screening for conditions such as Age-Related Macular Degeneration, as it is a very serious eye condition and early detection and treatment is beneficial. However, there are quite a few different factors which need to be considered if screening for AMD was to be carried out as mentioned above. Also, there are currently limited studies on AMD and therefore further research should focus on AMD and the benefits of continually screening the patient. Currently, as screening is being carried out for Amblyopia, this could be an eye condition that doesnt necessarily need screening for. A Cochrane review(do you need to reference which one) found that there is currently not enough evidence to determine whether the number of children with amblyopia was reduced due to the screening programs or not. The main reason for this was that de finition of Amblyopia is widely debatable and there is a lack of universally accepted definitions of amblyopia, which makes the data collected from different studies difficult to compare. However, it is much easier to leave a screening process in place rather than to remove it as a whole as further complications can arise and screening for this is somewhat beneficial.   From the discussion within this literature, it can be seen that we do currently screen for appropriate eye conditions within the UK. REFERENCES Nhs.uk. (2017). NHS screening Live Well NHS Choices. [online] Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Screening/Pages/screening.aspx#what-is. Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.med.uottawa.ca/sim/data/Screening_e.htm. 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